<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dunkalaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dunkalaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhngw_lo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰn̥gʷ-ló-s</orth>
          <def>dark, hazy</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dunkalaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkalaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dunkalaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈduŋ.kɑ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚾᚲᚨᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>dark</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhngw_lo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhngw_lo_s">*dʰn̥gʷ-ló-s from *dʰengʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘dark, hazy’). Related to *dunkaraz (‘dark’) and *dankwaz (‘dark’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkaliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkaliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkalammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkalōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkalammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>duncal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>donkel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*dionkel, *diunkel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>djunkel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>dunkal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>tuncal, tunchal, tunkal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>tunkel, dunkel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>dunkel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>טונקל (tunkl)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
