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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dunkaraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dunkaraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhngw_ro_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰn̥gʷ-ró-s</orth>
          <def>dark, hazy</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dunkaraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunkaraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dunkaraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈduŋ.kɑ.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚾᚲᚨᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>dark</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhngw_ro_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhngw_ro_s">*dʰn̥gʷ-ró-s from *dʰengʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘dark, hazy’). Related to *dunkalaz (‘dark’) and *dankwaz (‘dark’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkarą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkarai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkarôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkarǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkarą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkarōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkaras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkarammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkarammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkaranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dunkaraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkarô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkaraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkaranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkaranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkariniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkariniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkaranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkaranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkarini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkarammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkarinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dunkarammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dunkarōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dunkarammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*dunkar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>donker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>donker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*dunker, dionker, diunker</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>djunker</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>donker</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>dunkar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>dunker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dunker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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