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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dunstą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dunstą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dunsta" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunstą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dunstą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdun.stɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚾᛊᛏᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>mist, haze</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>evaporation</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>dust</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Per <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuns-to-m, from a nasal-infix zero-grade form of *dʰwes- (‘to smoke, fume’). Cognate with Marathi ढासळणे (ḍhāsaḷṇe, ‘to collapse; to break down; to fail’) and धँसना (dhãsnā, ‘to sink, drown, be submerged’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>dunstą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dunstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dunstą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>dunstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dunstas, dunstis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dunstǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dunstai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dunstamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dunstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dunstamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>dunstą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dunstō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>dust, dūst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>dust, doust</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>dust</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>dust, dist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>dūst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Duist</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*dunst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>donst, dûst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>Donst</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dunst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*dunst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>donst, dûst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Dunst, Duust</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*dūst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>donst, dûst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>Donst</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>dunst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*dūst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>donst, dûst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Dunst, Duust</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*dunst, dūst</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dunst, donst, doest, duust</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dons, duist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>dunist, dunst, tunist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>tunst, dunst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Dunst</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>Donst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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