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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *duppaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_duppaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_dubnos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>dubnos</orth>
          <def>deep</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_dubnas" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>dubnas</orth>
          <def>bottom</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_duppaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/duppaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>duppaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdup.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hollow, depression, well</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>bowl</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>shell</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰ-nó-s, from root *dʰewbʰ- (‘deep, hollow’). Direct cognate with Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_dubnas"><ref target="#cog_prg_dubnas">dubnas</ref></mentioned> (‘bottom’) and Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_dubnos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_dubnos">dubnos</ref></mentioned> (‘deep’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>duppaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>duppōz, duppōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>duppą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>duppanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>duppas, duppis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>duppǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>duppai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>duppamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>duppō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>duppamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>dupp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>duppōz, duppōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dupp, *dopp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>döppes, duppe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dupp, *dopp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dup, doppe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dop</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>dop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*dopp, *dop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Dop</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*dopp, *dop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dop</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>dopke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*tupf, *topf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>topf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Topf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*tupf, *topf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>*tupfīn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>tupfen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Tüpfen, Töpfen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dopp, *dop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dopp, doppe, duppe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Doppe, Dopp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dopp, *dop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dopp, doppe, duppe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>doppa</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                          <orth>doparr</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dopp, *dupp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dopp, *dop</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>*duppīn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>düppen, düppe, doppe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*tuppi</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*toppë</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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