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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *durzaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_durzaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_tharsos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>θάρσος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>thársos.</orth>
          </form>
          <def>courage; confidence; audacity</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhedhors_e_dhedhrs_er" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰedʰórs-e ~ *dʰedʰr̥s-ḗr</orth>
          <def>to dare</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_dristi" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>drį̇̃sti</orth>
          <def>to dare, have the courage</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_dhrsnoti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>धृष्णोति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dhṛṣṇóti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be bold or courageous or confident or proud; to dare or venture</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_d_rznoti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*dьrznǫti</orth>
          <def>dare</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_durzana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/durzaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>durzaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdur.zɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚱᛉᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Preterite-present</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dare</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhedhors_e_dhedhrs_er"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhedhors_e_dhedhrs_er">*dʰedʰórs-e ~ *dʰedʰr̥s-ḗr</ref></mentioned> (‘to dare’), a reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (‘to be bold, dare’), itself an <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-s-</mentioned>extension of *dʰer- (‘to support, hold’). Cognates are Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_d_rznoti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_d_rznoti">*dьrznǫti</ref></mentioned> (‘dare’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_dhrsnoti"><ref target="#cog_san_dhrsnoti">धृष्णोति</ref></mentioned> (dhṛṣṇóti, ‘to be bold or courageous or confident or proud; to dare or venture’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_dristi"><ref target="#cog_lit_dristi">drį̇̃sti</ref></mentioned> (‘to dare, have the courage’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_tharsos"><ref target="#cog_grc_tharsos">θάρσος</ref></mentioned> (thársos., ‘courage; confidence; audacity’), and Albanian nder (‘honor, favor’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dars</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>durzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>darst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>durzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dars</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>durzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>durzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>durzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>durzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>durzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>durzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>durzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>durzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>durzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>durzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>durzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>durstǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>durstēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>durstēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>durstēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>durstē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>durstēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>durstēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>durstēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>durstēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>durstēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>durstēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>durstēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>durstēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>durstēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>durstēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>durstēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>durzandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>durstaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>durzaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*durʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*durran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dorren, durren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>derre, dórre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*durʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*durran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dorren, durren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>durven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>durf</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*durʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>durran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>durren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dare</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>daur</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*durʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>turran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>turren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>dusche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>thüren, türen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>טאָרן (torn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*durʀan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>durran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dören</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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