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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dusnaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dusnaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_dusnos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*dusnos</orth>
          <def>dark, brown</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewh₂-</orth>
          <def>smoke, mist, haze</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dusnaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dusnaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dusnaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdus.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛊᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>brownish, brown</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>yellow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-nó-s, from a zero-grade form of root *dʰwes- (‘to smoke, fume’), related to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh2">*dʰewh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘smoke, mist, haze’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_dusnos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_dusnos">*dusnos</ref></mentioned> (‘dark, brown’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dusnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dusnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dusnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dusnammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dusnōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dusnammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>, dun dunn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>dunne, donne, dune, dun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>dun</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>dune, dun, din</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*dunn, dosan, dun</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>tusin</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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