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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dusāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dusāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhus_eh2ye_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰus-eh₂yé/ó-</orth>
          <def>to breathe, inhale, exhale</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_furo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>furō</orth>
          <def>to rave, rage, or seethe; to be crazed, mad, or frantic</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_duset" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>dusēt</orth>
          <def>to sleep, rest</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dusāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dusāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdu.sɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be stunned, swoon</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to be dizzy</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to slumber</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">An eh₂(ye)-fractive verb, possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhus_eh2ye_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhus_eh2ye_o">*dʰus-eh₂yé/ó- from *dʰwes-</ref></mentioned> (‘to breathe, inhale, exhale’). Cognates are Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_duset"><ref target="#cog_lav_duset">dusēt</ref></mentioned> (‘to sleep, rest’), which went through similar semantic change, from a sense of ‘to breathe’ &gt; ‘to feel shortness of breath’ &gt; ‘breath heavily’ &gt; ‘sleep’), Bengali ধসা (dhośa, ‘to be destroyed; to be ruined’), and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_furo"><ref target="#cog_lat_furo">furō</ref></mentioned> (‘to rave, rage, or seethe; to be crazed, mad, or frantic’). Related to *deuzą (‘(wild) animal, beast’), *deuzaz (‘wild, fierce, bold’), and *dūsaz (‘still, calm’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dusaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dusāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dusaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dusāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dusāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dusōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dusāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dusāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dusāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dusānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dusaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dusaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dusānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dusānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dusānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dusānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dusadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dusadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dusadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dusadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dusadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dusadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dusadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dusadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dusadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dusadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dusadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dusadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dusadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dusadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dusadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dusadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dusāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dusadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dusāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dusēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*dusian, *dosian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*dosen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>doze, dose</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dusēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dusia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dusinge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dusēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>tûzen, dôsen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>bedützen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dusēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dusian, *dosian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dusen, dǖsen, dosen, deusen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dǖsinge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dusēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dusian, *dosian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dusen, dǖsen, dosen, deusen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dösen, dussen, dusken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>dösen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dusēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dusian, *dosian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dusen, dǖsen, dosen, deusen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>bedǖsen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>bedösen, bedussen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>bedösen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*dusa, dúsa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dúsa, dusa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>duse</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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