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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dwaiskijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dwaiskijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="heidermanns1993" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FEH4HY4N">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Frank</forename>
              <surname>Heidermanns</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1993</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="jasanoff2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/36EAA5IJ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Hittite and the Indo-European Verb</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jay</forename>
              <surname>Jasanoff</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰgʷʰey-</orth>
          <def>to decline; to perish</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dwaiskijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwaiskijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dwaiskijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdwɑi̯s.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚹᚨᛁᛊᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to suffocate, extinguish</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from a pre-Germanic derivative of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey">*dʰgʷʰey-</ref></mentioned> (‘decline, perish; die out’), perhaps pre-Germanic *dʰgʷʰoy-sk-éye/o-, an o-grade form of the root built on an original *sḱé- inchoative present <bibl corresp="#jasanoff2003">Jasanoff 2003</bibl> <bibl corresp="#heidermanns1993">Heidermanns 1993</bibl>, later remodeled as a Weak class 1 causative. Related to *dwīnaną (‘to dwindle, disappear’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaiskidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dwaiskijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dwaiskidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dwaiskijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwaiskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dwēsken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwesscen, dwisscen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwaiskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dwǣsċan, ādwǣsċan, tōdwǣsċan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>duschen, adweschen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dush</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dusch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwaiskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*dwēska</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dwêste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>dwêstgje, dwêstje, sândwêste, útdwêste</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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