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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dwaljaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dwaljaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhwelh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰwelh₂-</orth>
          <def>to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dwaljana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwaljaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dwaljaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdwɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚹᚨᛚᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be confused, perplex</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to hold up, delay</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *dwalaz (‘confused, stunned; foolish, misled, mad’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)janą</mentioned>(causative suffix forming Weak class 1 verbs), also conflated with *dwelaną (‘to err’) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)janą</mentioned>(causative suffix forming Weak class 1 verbs). Both are ultimately from the same origin, Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhwelh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhwelh2">root *dʰwelh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwalisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwali</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaliþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwaljaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwaljōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwaljaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaljaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaljaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwaljaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaliþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaliþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwaljainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwalidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwalidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwalidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwalidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwalidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwalidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwalidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwalidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwalidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwalidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwalidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwalidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwalidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwalidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwalidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwalidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dwaljandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dwalidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dwaljaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwalljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dwellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwellen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dwelle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwalljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dwellan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dwellen, duell, duelle, dwel, dwell, dwelle, dwellyn, dweylle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dwell</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dwall</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwalljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>twellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>twellen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwalljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dwellian</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dvelja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>dvæle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dvelja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>dvelja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>dväljas</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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