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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dwelaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dwelaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dwelana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwelaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dwelaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdwe.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚹᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to go astray</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European*dʰwélh₂-e/o- from root *dʰwelh₂- (‘to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>. Related to *dulaz (‘confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad’) and *dwalaz (‘confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwelō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwelaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwilizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwelaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwel</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwelazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwelaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwilidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dweladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dweladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwelaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwelōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwelaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dweladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwelaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dweladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwelamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwelaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwelaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwelandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwelain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwelandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwēlį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwalt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwēlīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwēlī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwēlū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwēlīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwēludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwēlīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwēlum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwēlīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwēlud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwēlīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwēlun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwēlīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dwelandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dulanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dwelaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dwelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dwelen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dwelian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dwelen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>twelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>twelen, tweln</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dwelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwelen, dwēlen, twelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dwelen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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