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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dwēsaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dwēsaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref2010_x2" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/KTFDVATC">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologiebank</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>Nicoline</forename>
              <surname>van der Sijs</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Meertens Institute</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_dvesti_x2" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>dvěsti</orth>
          <def>to breathe one's last breath</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_possession" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>dásacht</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>'possession'</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dwesaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwēsaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dwēsaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdwɛː.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚹᛖᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>foolish, stupid</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwḗs-o-s, a lengthened grade adjectival form of root *dʰwes- (‘to smoke, fume’). Compare *dwalaz (‘confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad’) from related stem *dʰwelh₂-, (‘to dim, dull, cloud, make obscure, swirl, whirl’). Possible cognates are Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_dvesti_x2"><ref target="#cog_lit_dvesti_x2">dvěsti</ref></mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned>and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_possession"><ref target="#cog_sga_possession">dásacht</ref></mentioned> ('possession') <bibl corresp="#ref2010_x2">van der Sijs 2010</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dwēsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dwēsammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dwēsōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dwēsammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dwēs</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dwās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwâes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dwaos</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dwās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwâes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dwaas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dwaas</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>dwaas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dwǣs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dwæs</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*dwās, *twās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>twās, dwās</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dwās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwâs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dwas</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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