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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dwīnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dwīnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="scheungraber2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FNK6H83L">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Die Entwicklung der urindogermanischen Nasalpräsentien im Germanischen</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Corinna</forename>
              <surname>Scheungraber</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰgʷʰey-</orth>
          <def>to decline; to perish</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhwey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰwey-</orth>
          <def>to slip away; dwindle; die</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ksinati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>क्षिणाति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kṣiṇā́ti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to destroy, ruin</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dwinana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwīnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dwīnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdwiː.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚹᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dwindle, disappear</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to <bibl corresp="#orel2003">Orel 2003</bibl>, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhwey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhwey">root *dʰwey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to slip away; dwindle; die’), from root *dʰew- (‘to die; pass away’). Given that Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ generally becomes Proto-Germanic *w word-internally, according to <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>, this could instead be from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhgwhey">*dʰgʷʰey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to decline, perish’), from an n-present, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*dʰgʷʰéy-ne/o-</mentioned>with a cognate in Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ksinati"><ref target="#cog_san_ksinati">क्षिणाति</ref></mentioned> (kṣiṇā́ti, ‘to destroy, ruin’) <bibl corresp="#scheungraber2010">Scheungraber 2010</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwīnaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwīnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwīnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwīnaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dwinį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwaint</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dwinīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dwinī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwinū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dwinīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwinudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dwinīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwinum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dwinīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwinud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dwinīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwinun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dwinīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dwīnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dwinanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dwīnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dwīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwinen, verdwinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dwijnen, verdwijnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dwīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>dwinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dwine, dwindle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>dwyne, dwine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*dwīna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ferdwiene</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ferdwyne, ferdwine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dwīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dwīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*dwînen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dwienen, verdwienen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dvína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>dvína</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>dvína</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tvina</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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