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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dōkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dōkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_dhvaja" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>ध्वज</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dhvajá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>a flag-staff; a mark, an emblem; a characteristic sign</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dokaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dōkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dōkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈdɔː.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᛟᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cloth, rag</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Traditionally compared with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_dhvaja"><ref target="#cog_san_dhvaja">ध्वज</ref></mentioned> (dhvajá, ‘a flag-staff; a mark, an emblem; a characteristic sign’) but the comparison is doubtful because Proto-Indo-European *dʰw- would not regularly give Proto-Germanic *dō-. Probably a West Proto-Germanic textile term without a secure PIE etymology.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>dōkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>dōkōz, dōkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>dōką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>dōkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>dōkas, dōkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>dōkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>dōkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>dōkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>dōkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>dōkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>dōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>dōkōz, dōkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lombardic</lang>
                    <orth>*tuoh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Lombard</lang>
                      <orth>toh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old High German</lang>
                        <orth>toh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dōk, *duoc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>doec</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dook</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dōk, *duoc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>doec</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>doek</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>doek</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>duck, dook</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>dook</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dōc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>dōcincel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dōk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Douk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>doek</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tuoh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tuoch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Duch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Duch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Duch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>טוך (tukh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tuoh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tuoch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Tuech</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>Tuach</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>tuoh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tuoch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Tuch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dōk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dôk, dûk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Dook</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Duak</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dōk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dôk, dûk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>dúkr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>dug</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Faroese</lang>
                          <orth>dúkur</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                          <orth>dúkur</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>duk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>duk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>dōk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dôk, dûk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>dúkr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>dūker</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swedish</lang>
                            <orth>duk, dok</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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