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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dūbaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dūbaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>hazy, unclear, dark; deep</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dubana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dūbaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dūbaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈduː.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to dive, sink</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh">*dʰewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘hazy, unclear, dark; deep’); by synchronic analysis, an apparent back-formation from the iterative *duppōną (‘to dip’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dūbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dūbaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dūbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūbizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūbaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūbazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūbaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūbidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūbadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūbadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūbaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dūbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dūbaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dūbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dūbaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dūbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūbamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūbaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūbaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūbandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūbain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūbandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>daub</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dubį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dubīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>daub</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dubī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dubū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dubīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dubīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dubum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dubīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dubīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dubīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dūbandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dubanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dūbaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*bidūvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>beduven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>bedoven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>dūfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>duven, diven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>dive</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dúfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>duve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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