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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dūkaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dūkaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dukana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dūkaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dūkaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈduː.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to duck, dive under</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly derived from *dukkōną (‘to duck’). Related to *duganą (‘to be fit’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dūkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dūkaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dūkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūkizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūkaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūkazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dūkaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūkidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūkadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūkadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dūkaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dūkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>dūkaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dūkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dūkaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>dūkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūkaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dūkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūkaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dūkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūkandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūkain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūkandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dūkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>dukį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>dukīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>dukī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>dukū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>dukīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>dukudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>dukīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dukum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>dukīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dukud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>dukīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dukun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>dukīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>dūkandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>dukanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>dūkaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*dūcan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>duken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>duiken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>duke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*dūcan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>duken, douken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>duck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>douk, dook</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dūka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>dûke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*tūhhan, *tūchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>tūchen, douchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>tauchen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>dauchen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*dūkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*dūkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dûken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>duken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>dyka, duka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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