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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *dūsaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dūsaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhwes" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰwes-</orth>
          <def>to breathe, inhale, exhale</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_dyx" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*dyxъ</orth>
          <def>breath, whiff</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_dusaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dūsaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>dūsaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈduː.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>still, calm</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhwes"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhwes">*dʰwes-</ref></mentioned> (‘to breathe, inhale, exhale’). <bibl corresp="#orel2003">Orel 2003</bibl> notes that both Old Norse and East Frisian have descendants with -ū-. Pokorny also notes Middle Low German dūsich (‘numb, dizzy’). A direct cognate is Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_dyx"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_dyx">*dyxъ</ref></mentioned> (‘breath, whiff’). Note the close semantic relationship with *dusāną (‘to be stunned, swoon, to be dizzy, to slumber’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>dūsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>dūsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>dūsaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>dūsammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>dūsōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>dūsammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>dūs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>East Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>dūs</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>dūs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>dūsich</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>dús</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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