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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-dūþiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_dūþiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_tuss" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*-tūss</orth>
          <def type="function">forms abstract nouns from adjectives</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_teh2ts" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-teh₂ts</orth>
          <def type="function">forms nouns representing state of being</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tuhts" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-túHts</orth>
          <def type="function">forms abstract nouns</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_tus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-tūs</orth>
          <def type="function">forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_duthiz" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-dūþiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-dūþiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">duː.θiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛞᚢᚦᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tuhts"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tuhts">*-túHts</ref></mentioned>, reformulated as a feminine i-stem. The PIE term is related to PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_teh2ts"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_teh2ts">*-teh₂ts</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="75, 326">Ringe 2017: 75, 326</bibl>. Cognates are Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_tus"><ref target="#cog_lat_tus">-tūs</ref></mentioned> and Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_tuss"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_tuss">*-tūss</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>-dūþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>-dūþīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>-dūþį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>-dūþinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>-dūþīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>-dūþijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>-dūþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>-dūþimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>-dūþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>-dūþimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>-dūþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>-dūþīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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