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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *edaraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_edaraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="derksen2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/R2NTQLL2">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rick</forename>
              <surname>Derksen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="loma2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JWTZF6ZH">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Proto-Indo-European -intro-, -dhro- in Common Slavic?</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Aleksandar</forename>
              <surname>Loma</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Jezikoslovni zapiski [Linguistic Notes</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">23</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">171–197</biblScope>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_odr" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*odrъ</orth>
          <def>wooden construction; bed, platform</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_edaraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/edaraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>edaraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈe.ðɑ.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛞᚨᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>enclosure; shelter</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>border, edge, rim</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from an old Proto-Indo-European r-stem *h₁ódʰ-r ~ *h₁édʰ-r-s, of uncertain meaning <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>, perhaps denoting a wooden structure, frame, edge, or enclosure; compare Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_odr"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_odr">*odrъ</ref></mentioned> (‘wooden construction; bed, platform’). The comparison is accepted by <bibl corresp="#derksen2008">Derksen 2008</bibl> and Kroonen but remains insecure, since the Proto-Germanic word lacks a clear deeper etymology and may alternatively reflect a different stem, possibly *h₁edʰ-e/os- (Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988-2014). <bibl corresp="#loma2017">Loma 2017</bibl> instead considers deriving *odrъ internally as an instrumental <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-dʰro-</mentioned>formation from PIE *h₂er- (‘to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot’), which would sever it from the Proto-Germanic word.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>edaraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>edarōz, edarōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>edarą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>edaranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>edaras, edaris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>edarǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>edarai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>edaramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>edarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>edaramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>edar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>edarōz, edarōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>edor, eodor</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*eder, ȝeddyr, yedder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>edder</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>edder, yether</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>etar</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jaðarr, jǫðurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jaðar, jaðari</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>jaðar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>jare</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>jadar, jar, jare, Jæren</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jaðarr, jǫðurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jæder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jæder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jaðarr, jǫðurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iæþur, iadher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>jäder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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