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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *efþau</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_efþau</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1eghs_h1ek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁eǵʰs/*h₁eḱ</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_efthau" type="conjunction" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/efþau">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>efþau</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈeɸ.θɑu̯</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᚠᚦᚨᚢ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>conjunction</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>or</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *eh (‘but, except’, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1eghs_h1ek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1eghs_h1ek">*h₁eǵʰs/*h₁eḱ</ref></mentioned> (s), ‘out’) + *þau (‘in that case’, from PIE *tó-we, from PIE *to-, ‘this, that’ + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-we</mentioned>, ‘or’). The first element *eh is debated: many accounts assume *ef- matching West Proto-Germanic f-variants (e.g. Old English ofþe, Old Saxon eftha), possibly influenced by the Proto-Germanic conditional particle family (‘if’); however, Gothic aiþþau is often taken to point to an earlier *ehþau with subsequent assimilation producing <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-</mentioned>þþ-.  The second element *þau is less controversial, though there are many other competing theories on its PIE heritage. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>eþþa, ofþe, oððe, oðþe, oþðe, oþþa, oþþe, oþþon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>oththe, other, or</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>or</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>or</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>ieftha, ioftha, jef, jof, jova, ofte</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>af, of</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>of</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>efdo, eftha, eftho, ettho</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>edder, odder</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>efdo, eftha, eftho, ettho</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>efte, afte, ufte, uft, uf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>of</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sauerland Low German</lang>
                        <orth>of, o'</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*oftho, *ofto</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ofte, ochte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ofte, of</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>ofte, of</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>odo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>Middle High German:</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>odo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>odar, odor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>od, ode, oder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>oder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>oder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אָדער (oder)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eða, eðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eða, eður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>æthæ, eth</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>eþa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌿 (aiþþau)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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