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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *eka</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_eka</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_az_m" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬰𐬇𐬨</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>azə̄m</orth>
          </form>
          <def>I</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_aham" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अहम्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ahám</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_j_az" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(j)azъ</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_eka" type="pronoun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/eka">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>eka</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈe.kɑ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᚲᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>pronoun</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>I (first person, singular, nominative pronoun)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂-óm, a variant of the original PIE first person singular pronoun, *éǵh₂. Cognates include Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_aham"><ref target="#cog_san_aham">अहम्</ref></mentioned> (ahám), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_az_m"><ref target="#cog_ave_az_m">𐬀𐬰𐬇𐬨</ref></mentioned> (azə̄m), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_j_az"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_j_az">*(j)azъ</ref></mentioned>, Epic Greek ἐγών (egṓn), all meaning ‘I’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ik, ic</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ic, icke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ik, ick, ikke</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ek</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>iċ, ih, ich, iċċ, ᛁᚳ (ic), ᛁᚴ (iċ)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Northern Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ik</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ich (antiquated), I</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>A, I</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>Ik</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ich (antiquated), I</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>A, I</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Southern Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ich</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ich (antiquated), I</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>A, I</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Later Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>I</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ich (antiquated), I</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>A, I</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ik</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ick, ik</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>iek</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ik</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ih</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>ich, iech, ik, iich, ech</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ih</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ich, ig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>i, iech</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>ich</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>ech</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>איך (ich)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ih</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ich, ig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>ich, ig, i</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>i</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ih</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ich, ig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>i</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ih</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ich, ig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>ich, eich, ech</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kölsch</lang>
                          <orth>ich</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ih</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ich, ig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>ich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ik</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ik</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ik, ek</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ik, ick</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>ik, ick</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), -ᚲᚨ (-ka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ek, iak, -k</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>eg, jeg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>eg, ég</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), -ᚲᚨ (-ka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ek, iak, -k</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>eg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), -ᚲᚨ (-ka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ek, iak, -k</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>jeg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛖᚲ (ek), ᛖᚲᚨ (eka), -ᚲᚨ (-ka)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ek, iak, -k</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>iak, iæk, iag, iagh, iach, ᛁᛆᚴ, ᛁᛅᚴ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>jag</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌹𐌺 (ik)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>ich</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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