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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *elhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_elhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_alke_x2" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἄλκη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>álkē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>moose, elk</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1ol_k_is_h1el_k_is" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is</orth>
          <def>elk</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_alces" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>alcēs</orth>
          <def>elk, moose</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_elhaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/elhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>elhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈel.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛚᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>elk</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ol_k_is_h1el_k_is"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ol_k_is_h1el_k_is">*h₁ól-ḱ-is ~ h₁él-ḱ-is</ref></mentioned> (‘elk’), from root *h₁el- (‘deer’), reformulated as an a-stem. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_alke_x2"><ref target="#cog_grc_alke_x2">ἄλκη</ref></mentioned> (álkē, ‘moose, elk’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_alces"><ref target="#cog_lat_alces">alcēs</ref></mentioned> (‘elk, moose’), and Russian лось (losʹ, ‘moose, elk’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>elhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>elhōz, elhōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>elhą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>elhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>elhas, elhis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>elhǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>elhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>elhamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>elhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>elhamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>elh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>elhōz, elhōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*elh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*elh, elo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>elen, elent</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>eland</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>eland</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*elh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eolh, elch, elh, eolc, eolch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>elk, elke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>elk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Elk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*elh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*elch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Älch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*elh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>elah, elaho, elho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>elch, elhe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Elch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Elch</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>Älch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*elh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>elaho, elo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>elen, elent</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Elen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Elen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*elh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>elaho, elo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>elk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Elk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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