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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *erknaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_erknaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2erg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂erǵ-</orth>
          <def>white, shining</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_yarke" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>yarke</orth>
          <def>honor, reverence</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_yark" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>yärk-</orth>
          <def>to honor, venerate</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_erknaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/erknaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>erknaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈer.knɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᚱᚲᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pure, holy, genuine, precious</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unlikely to be from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2erg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2erg">*h₂erǵ-</ref></mentioned> (‘white, shining’), which would give Proto-Germanic *ark-, but instead seems to represent Proto-Indo-European *h₁erg-. Possibly cognate with Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_yark"><ref target="#cog_xto_yark">yärk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to honor, venerate’), Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_yarke"><ref target="#cog_txb_yarke">yarke</ref></mentioned> (‘honor, reverence’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>erkną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>erkną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>erknaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>erknaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>erknaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>erkniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>erkniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>erkninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>erkninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>erknammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>erknōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>erknammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erkn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eorcnan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>erkan, erchan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*jarkn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>jartegn, tein, ᛁᛅᚱᛏᛁᚴᚾᚢᛘ (iartiknum)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jærtegn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>jarteikn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*jarkn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>jartegn, tein, ᛁᛅᚱᛏᛁᚴᚾᚢᛘ (iartiknum)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>iärtekn, iärtighne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>järtecken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐍃 (airkns)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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