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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *erpaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_erpaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_orphnos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὀρφνός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>orphnós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>dark brown</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1erbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁erbʰ-</orth>
          <def>brown</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_reb" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*rębъ</orth>
          <def>speckled, spotted</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_erpaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/erpaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>erpaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈer.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᚱᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>light brown, brown</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>dark brown, maroon</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *erppaz, earlier *h₁erbʰ-nó-s, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1erbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1erbh">*h₁erbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘brown’) via Kluge’s Law. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_orphnos"><ref target="#cog_grc_orphnos">ὀρφνός</ref></mentioned> (orphnós, ‘dark brown’) (&lt; o-grade *h₁orbʰnós), as well as Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_reb"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_reb">*rębъ</ref></mentioned> (‘speckled, spotted’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>erpaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>erpaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>erpaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>erpammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>erpōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>erpammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eorp, earp</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>erpf</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*erp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>erpel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>erpel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*erp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>erpel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>erpel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Erpel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erp</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*erp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>erpel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Erpel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jarpi, jarpr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jarpur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>jarpur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>järpe</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jarpi, jarpr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>jerpe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hjerpe, jærpe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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