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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *erþō/Erþō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_erþō_erþō_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1er_teh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁ér-teh₂</orth>
          <def>earth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_erdve" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>érdvė</orth>
          <def>space, expanse</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_are" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>āre</orth>
          <def>plow; end; dust, loose earth</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ertho_ertho_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/erþō/Erþō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>erþō/Erþō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈer.θɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᚱᚦᛟ/ᛖᚱᚦᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>earth</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1er_teh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1er_teh2">*h₁ér-teh₂</ref></mentioned> (‘earth’) from root *h₁er- (‘earth’). Cognates are Albanian varr (‘grave’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_erdve"><ref target="#cog_lit_erdve">érdvė</ref></mentioned> (‘space, expanse’), and Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_are"><ref target="#cog_txb_are">āre</ref></mentioned> (‘plow; end; dust, loose earth’). Related to *ermunaz (‘world, earth’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>erþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>erþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>erþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>erþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>erþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>erþǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>erþōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>erþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>erþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>erþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>erþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>erþôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ertha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>erde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>aerd, aerj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ertha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>erde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aarde, aard</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>aarde</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>arde</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ertha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>erde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aarde, aard</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>aarde, adu, aerde</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>adu, ard</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eorþe, earþe, iorþe, eorþ, yrþ, eorðe, eorþo, eorþu, eorþæ, heorþe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe, oerþe, oerþ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>earth, Earth</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>erth, eart, eard, eord, eorth</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eorþe, earþe, iorþe, eorþ, yrþ, eorðe, eorþo, eorþu, eorþæ, heorþe, heordæ, eorda, eordæ, eorða</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>erthe, eerthe, eorthe, eorþe, ereth, erth, erþ, erþe, irthe, yrþe, orþe, ȝorthe, horþe, horðe, urþe, urthe, hurde, erde, earþe, erðe, eorðe, eorth, herðe, oerþe, oerþ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>erd, erde, ȝerd, ȝeird</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>erd, yerd, yird, yirth, Yird</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>erthe, erde, irthe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Äide, Idde, Äid</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ierde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ërda, haerda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ërde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Ëërde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Erd, Erdn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Ääd, Erd, Äerd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Erde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Äerd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Erd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ערד (erd)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ertha, erda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ērde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Ead, Ieed</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*erþā, *erþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ertha, erda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ērde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Erde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>eerde</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Eer, Eerd, Eerde, Ier, Ierd, Ierde</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>jǫrð, jorð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>jørð</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>jörð</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>jórð</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>jord</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>jǫrð, jorð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>iorþ, iorth, ᛁᚮᚱᚦ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>jord</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>jord</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛖᚱᚦᚢ (*erþu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>jǫrð, jorð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>iorþ, iordh</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>jord</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 (airþa)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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