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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *etaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_etaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_atti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अत्ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>átti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to eat, consume, devour</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_etana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/etaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>etaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈe.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 5</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to eat</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti ~<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁dénti</mentioned>, from *h₁ed- (‘to eat’). Cognates include Proto-Celtic *essi, Proto-Hellenic *édō, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_atti"><ref target="#cog_san_atti">अत्ति</ref></mentioned> (átti), and Proto-Italic *edō, all meaning ‘to eat’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>etō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>etaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>etai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>itizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>etaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>et</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>etazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>etaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>itidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>etai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>etadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>etadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>etaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>etōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>etaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>etadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>etaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>etadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>etamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>etaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>etandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>etaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>itid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>etaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>itid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>etandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>etaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>etandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>etain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>etandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>etandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>etaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ēt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ētį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ēst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ētīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ēt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ētī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ētū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ētīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ētudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ētīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ētum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ētīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ētud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ētīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ētun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ētīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>etandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>etanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>etaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>etan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ēten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>aete</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>etan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ēten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>eten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>eet</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>etan, eata, eotan, ætan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eten, eete, eeten, ete, etin, ethe, ette, æten, etenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>eat</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ait, aet, eat, eit, ete</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ita, eta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Saterland Frisian: iete, íete</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ite</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ëȥȥan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ëȥȥen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>ässe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>eisn, essn, èssn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>äße, esse, eaße</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>essen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>iessen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>עסן (esn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>etan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ēten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>eten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>äten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>eta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eta, éta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>eta, ete, ita, åtå, øtå</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ætæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>æde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>ete</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>æta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>äta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ettana</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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