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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *etunaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_etunaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_eidar" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>εἶδαρ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>eîdăr</orth>
          </form>
          <def>food</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1ed_un_o_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁éd-un-o-s</orth>
          <def>eater, devourer</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_advan" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अद्वन्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ādvan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>eating, consuming</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_etunaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/etunaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>etunaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈe.tu.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛏᚢᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>an eater, overeater, glutton</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a giant</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ed_un_o_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1ed_un_o_s">*h₁éd-un-o-s</ref></mentioned> (‘eater, devourer’), a thematicized form of the oblique stem of *h₁éd-wr̥ ~ *h₁d-wén-s, an r/n-heteroclitic form from root *h₁ed- (‘to eat’) <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008">Wodtko et al. 2008</bibl>. Compare structural cognates from the same root: Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_eidar"><ref target="#cog_grc_eidar">εἶδαρ</ref></mentioned> (eîdăr, ‘food’) &lt; PIE *h₁édur, Vedic Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_advan"><ref target="#cog_san_advan">अद्वन्</ref></mentioned> (ādvan) in अग्राद्वन् (agrādvan, ‘having precedence in eating’) &lt; PIE *h₁dwén, and Luwian 𒀀𒁺𒈾 (a-du-na /aduna/, ‘to eat’) &lt; PIE *h₁éd-un-o-. The semantics changed from ‘devourer’ → ‘giant’ in the daughter languages.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>etunaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>etunōz, etunōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>etuną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>etunanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>etunas, etunis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>etunǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>etunai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>etunamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>etunō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>etunamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>etun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>etunōz, etunōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eoten, eten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eten, eotend, eatant, yoten, geten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>etten, ettin, eaton</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>etin, etyn, eattin, yetin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*etun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*etun, *etinna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>eteninne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jǫtunn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jøtun</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>jotuni</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>jötunn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>jutul, jotun</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>jøtul, jutul, jotun, jøtun</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jǫtunn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>iætæn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jætte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jǫtunn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iætun, iætte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>jätte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>jätti</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*jietënës</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*etana</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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