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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *falisaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_falisaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="matasovic2009" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/B5HK3DUW">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2009a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_fales" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ɸales</orth>
          <def>rock, stone</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_pels_pelis" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pels-/*pelis-</orth>
          <def>rock, cliff</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_pasana" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पाषाण</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pāṣāṇa</orth>
          </form>
          <def>stone, rock</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_ail" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>ail</orth>
          <def>boulder, rock</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_falisaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falisaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>falisaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɑ.li.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚨᛚᛁᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>rock, cliff</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>mountain</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from an o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pels_pelis"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pels_pelis">*pels-/*pelis-</ref></mentioned> (‘rock, cliff’), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es- <bibl corresp="#matasovic2009">Matasović 2009a</bibl>. Compare Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_ail"><ref target="#cog_sga_ail">ail</ref></mentioned> (‘boulder, rock’), from Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_fales"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_fales">*ɸales</ref></mentioned> (‘rock, stone’), and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_pasana"><ref target="#cog_san_pasana">पाषाण</ref></mentioned> (pāṣāṇa, ‘stone, rock’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>falisaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>falisōz, falisōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>falisą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>falisanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>falisas, falisis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>falisǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>falisai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>falisamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>falisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>falisamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>falis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>falisōz, falisōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*felis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vels</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vels</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>felis, fels, feliso</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vels, velse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Fels, Felsen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Fiels</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falis</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>felis</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vels</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fell, fjall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fjall</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fjall, fell</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fjell, fjall, fjadd, fjedl</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fell, fjall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fjeld</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>fjell</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fell, fjall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>fell, fel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>fell</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>fell, fiold</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fell, fjall</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fiæl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fjäll</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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