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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *falkô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_falkô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="maziulis1996" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JLI89LGC">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vytautas</forename>
              <surname>Mažiulis</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">3</biblScope>
              <date>1996</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="olsen1999" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/5YMJJZBJ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Birgit Anette</forename>
              <surname>Olsen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Berlin New York</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Mouton de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1999</date>
              <note>ISBN: 978-3-11-016483-1; callNumber: 491.992 5</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_proto_baltic_palva" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>*palvē</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>Proto-Baltic *palva-;</orth>
          </form>
          <def>grayish, brownish</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_s_pel" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)pel-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_falko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falkô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>falkô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɑl.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚨᛚᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>falcon</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from a Proto-Germanic color base *fal- ‘pale, grayish, yellowish-brown’, related to *falwaz (‘pale, gray, fallow’), with a zoonymic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-k-</mentioned>extension, perhaps the same animal/bird-name suffix seen in *habukaz (‘hawk’), *alkǭ (‘a kind of sea bird, auk’), and Proto-West Germanic *kranuk (‘crane’) <bibl corresp="#krahe1969">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969</bibl> <bibl corresp="#olsen1999">Olsen 1999</bibl>. A close semantic parallel is Old Prussian *pelē ‘harrier’, which <bibl corresp="#maziulis1996">Mažiulis 1996</bibl> explains as a color-based bird name meaning ‘the grayish/brownish one’, from Proto-Baltic *pelā-/*pela- ‘grayish, brownish’, ultimately from Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_s_pel"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_s_pel">*(s)pel-</ref></mentioned> ‘shine weakly, shimmer’. Mažiulis explicitly connects Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_proto_baltic_palva"><ref target="#cog_prg_proto_baltic_palva">*palvē</ref></mentioned> (Proto-Baltic *palva-;, ‘grayish, brownish’) with Proto-Germanic *falwaz and favors a Proto-Indo-European verbal root *(s)p(H)el- ‘shine weakly, shimmer’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>falkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>falkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>falkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>falkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>falkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>falkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>falkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>falkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>falkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>falkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>falkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>falkaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                    <orth>falcō</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*falco</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>valke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>valk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*fealca, *falca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>falk, fylkere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>falk, fauk, faik, facky, feckie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*falka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Falke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>falk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>falco, falko, falcho, falc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>valke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Falke, Falk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Fallek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>falko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>falke, valke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>falki</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Faulkj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>falko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>falke, valke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Falk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>falkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>falk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>falkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>falk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>falk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>falk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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