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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *faluz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_faluz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1_x6" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pól</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>h1</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_polx" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*pȏlxъ</orth>
          <def>timid, fearful; fear, agitation</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_faluz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/faluz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>faluz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɑ.luz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚨᛚᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>terrible; cruel; bad; baleful</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1_x6"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1_x6">*pól</ref></mentioned> (h1)-u-s from an o-grade form of root *pelh₁- / *pel- (‘to set in motion, shake, agitate’). Compare Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_polx"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_polx">*pȏlxъ</ref></mentioned> (‘timid, fearful; fear, agitation’) and *polšiti (‘to scare’), probably reflecting the same semantic development from ‘agitation, trembling’ to ‘fear’. Related to *fēlaz (‘terrifying’). The predominance of i-mutated reflexes suggests early paradigmatic influence from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*fali-/*falj-</mentioned>forms or possible secondary reanalysis as an i-/ja-stem.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>faluz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>falī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>falų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>falų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljas, falis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljas, falis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>faljaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>faljaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>faljaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>faliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>faliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>falini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>falini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>falinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>falinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>faljammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>faljōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>faljammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fali, *falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*feli, *fel, *felli</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>fel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>fel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fali, *falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*fæle, *felo, *fel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ælfæle, ealfelo, wælfel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fali, *falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*fæle, *felo, *fel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fel, fell</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fell</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fell</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fali, *falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fal, fale, *fel, *fele</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fäl</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fali, *falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*feli, *fel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>velheit, felheit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fali</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*feli, *fel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>fel, vil</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>fell</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>velike</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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