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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *falwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_falwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="maziulis1996" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JLI89LGC">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vytautas</forename>
              <surname>Mažiulis</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">3</biblScope>
              <date>1996</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_palwas" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*palwas</orth>
          <def>pale yellow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_polios" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πολιός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>poliós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>gray, grizzled, grizzly</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_pullus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>pullus</orth>
          <def>dark-colored, darlk gray, dusky</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_proto_baltic_palva" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>*palvē</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>Proto-Baltic *palva-;</orth>
          </form>
          <def>grayish, brownish</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_falwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>falwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɑl.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚨᛚᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pale, gray, fallow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *polH-wós, from root <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*pelH-</mentioned>(‘pale, gray’). In this case, cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_pullus"><ref target="#cog_lat_pullus">pullus</ref></mentioned> (‘dark-colored, darlk gray, dusky’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_polios"><ref target="#cog_grc_polios">πολιός</ref></mentioned> (poliós, ‘gray, grizzled, grizzly’) and πελιός (peliós, ‘black and blue, livid; dark, dull’), and Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_palwas"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_palwas">*palwas</ref></mentioned> (‘pale yellow’). <bibl corresp="#maziulis1996">Mažiulis 1996</bibl> explicitly connects Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_proto_baltic_palva"><ref target="#cog_prg_proto_baltic_palva">*palvē</ref></mentioned> (Proto-Baltic *palva-;, ‘grayish, brownish’) and favors a PIE verbal root *(s)p(H)el- ‘shine weakly, shimmer’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>falwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>falwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>falwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>falwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>falwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>falwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fealu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>falwe, falewe, falow</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fallow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fallow, fallaw, fellow, follow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*falo, *falu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>foal</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>feal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>falu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>falwisch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>falu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>fāle, vāle, fāl, vāl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>fahl</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*falu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*falo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vāle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>vaal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*falu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*falo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vāle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>vaal</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>vaal</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>falo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>val</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>fahl, falb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fǫlr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>følin</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fölur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fal</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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