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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *falþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_falþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_faltu" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ɸaltu-</orth>
          <def>joint</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_plasios" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>-πλάσιος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-plásios</orth>
          </form>
          <def>-fold</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_falthana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>falþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɑl.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚨᛚᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7c</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fold</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *pól-t-e/o-, from an o-grade form of t-extended root *pel- (‘to fold’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>. Cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_faltu"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_faltu">*ɸaltu-</ref></mentioned> (‘joint’), Albanian palë (‘fold, stratum; class’), and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_plasios"><ref target="#cog_grc_plasios">-πλάσιος</ref></mentioned> (-plásios, ‘-fold’). Related to * faldōną (‘to fold up’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>falþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>falþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>falþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>falþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>falþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>falþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>falþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>falþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>falþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>falþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>falþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>falþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>falþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>falþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>falþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>falþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>falþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>falþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>falþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>falþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>falþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>falþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>falþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>falþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>falþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>falþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>falþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>falþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>falþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>falþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>falþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>falþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fefalþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fefaldį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fefalst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fefaldīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fefalþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fefaldī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>fefaldū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>fefaldīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>fefaldudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>fefaldīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fefaldum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fefaldīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fefaldud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fefaldīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fefaldun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fefaldīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>falþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>faldanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>falþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*faldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vouden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vouwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>faldan, fealdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>falden, folden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fold</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fald, fauld</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*falda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>foolden</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fâlde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>faldan, faltan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>valden, valten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>falten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>falen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*falþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>faldan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>valden, volden, vōlden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>folden, folgen, follen, folen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>foljen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>falda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>folde</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>falda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>falda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fålla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽 (falþan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>faldra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>fralda, falda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>falda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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