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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fanô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fanô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_textile_term_peh2_neh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>textile term *peh2-neh2</orth>
          <def>cloth, woven fabric</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_littera_rule" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>gemination</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>“littera-rule”</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_pannus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>pannus</orth>
          <def>cloth, rag, garment</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fano" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fanô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fanô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸɑ.nɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᚨᚾᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cloth</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>banner; flag</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from a late Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_textile_term_peh2_neh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_textile_term_peh2_neh2">textile term *peh2-neh2</ref></mentioned> (‘cloth, woven fabric’), perhaps reflected also by Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_pannus"><ref target="#cog_lat_pannus">pannus</ref></mentioned> (‘cloth, rag, garment’). The comparison is disputed: the Latin geminate and the vocalic variation make a regular inherited etymology difficult, and de <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008">Vaan 2008</bibl> treats the set as possibly borrowed from an unknown source. <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> instead derives the forms from PIE  *ph2-no- or *peh2-nó- (with Dybo’s law), explaining Latin pannus through a disputed Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_littera_rule"><ref target="#cog_lat_littera_rule">gemination</ref></mentioned> (“littera-rule”).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fanô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fananiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fananų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fananunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>faniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fananǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fanini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fanammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>faninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fanammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fanô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fananiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fanō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fano</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vāne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vaan</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fanō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fana, fanu, fane</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fane, vane</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fane, vane</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fane, faan, thane, phane</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fanō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fana, fona</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Foane, Foone</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fane</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fanō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fano</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vane, van</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Faane</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Fahne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿאָן (fon)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fanō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fano, phano</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vāne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Fahn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Fane</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fani, fáni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fane</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fáni</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fáni</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>fane</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fane</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fani, fáni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fana</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fana</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 (fana)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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