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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fedwōr</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fedwōr</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_tessares" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τέσσαρες</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>téssares</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_delete" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Delete</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_catur" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>चतुर्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>catur</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fedwor" type="numeral" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fedwōr">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fedwōr</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸeð.wɔːr</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛖᛞᚹᛟᚱ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>numeral</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>four</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *petwṓr, with an irregular consonant change from *kwetwṓr, the neuter form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_delete"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_delete">*kwetwóres</ref></mentioned> (‘four’). The consonant change was probably caused by the influence of the *p- in the word for "five", *pénkwe. The expected outcome would have been **hwedwōr. Cognates include Albanian katër, Old Armenian: չորք (čʻorkʻ), Lithuanian keturi, Old Irish cethair, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_tessares"><ref target="#cog_grc_tessares">τέσσαρες</ref></mentioned> (téssares), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_catur"><ref target="#cog_san_catur">चतुर्</ref></mentioned> (catur), Latin quattuor, and Tocharian A śtwar, all meaning ‘four’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fiuwar, Viervliet, *fior, *fier</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fēower, fēwer, fēuor, fēowor, fēowur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>four, fore, feour, fower, fowwre, foure, fowr, vour</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>four, fower</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>fower</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fower</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>vour, voure, vowre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fiūwer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fjauer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fjouwer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fior</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>vier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>vier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>vier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>véier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>vier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿיר (fir)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fiuwar, fiwar, fior, fiar, fier</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vêr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>vea</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fiuwar, fiwar, fior, fiar, fier</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vêr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>veer, vier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>vier, veer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*feuwar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fiuwar, fiwar, fior, fiar, fier</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vêr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>veer, vier</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjórir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fýra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fjórir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>fyre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fjore</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjórir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fiūræ, fiūghræ, fȳræ, firæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fire</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>fire</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>fire</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjórir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fiūrir, fiūri, fȳrir, fȳri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fyra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjǫgurir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>fyra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fýra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fjórir</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>fyre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fjore</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjǫgurir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fiūræ, fiūghræ, fȳræ, firæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fire</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>fire</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>fire</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjǫgurir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fiūrir, fiūri, fȳrir, fȳri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fyra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 (fidwōr)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>fyder</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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