<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *felu</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_felu</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_felus" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ɸelus</orth>
          <def>much, many</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_polus" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πολύς</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>polús</orth>
          </form>
          <def>many, a lot of</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_felu" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/felu">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>felu</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸe.lu</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛖᛚᚢ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>much, a lot (adverb, pronoun)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a lot of (adverb, proboun)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>very (adverb)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Originally the neuter singular form of older u-stem *feluz (‘many’), from Proto-Indo-European *pélh1-u-s, from root *pleh1- (‘to fill’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_felus"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_felus">*ɸelus</ref></mentioned> (‘much, many’), Latin plūs (‘comparative degree of multus (‘many’)’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_polus"><ref target="#cog_grc_polus">πολύς</ref></mentioned> (polús, ‘many, a lot of’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*felu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>filo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vele</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>veel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*felu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fela, feola, fiolu, feolu, feolo, fala</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fele, fale, feel, fel, feole, vele, feala, fela, felæ, feola, veole</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fele</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fele</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*felu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>felo, fele, fel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>feal, fel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*felu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>filu, vilu, filo, fila, vili</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vil, vile</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>viel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>vui, vei, vii</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>viel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>vill</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿיל (fil)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*felu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>filu, filo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vele, vile</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>veel, viel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
