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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fernaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fernaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="derksen2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/BW5GUN9K">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 13)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rick</forename>
              <surname>Derksen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_perusi" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πέρῠσῐ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pérŭsĭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>a year ago, last year</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_pern_perns" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>pę̃rn/pę̃rns</orth>
          <def>last year; s’</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_pernai_pernais" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>pérnai/pérnais</orth>
          <def>last year</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_parut" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>परुत्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>parút</orth>
          </form>
          <def>last year</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fernaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fernaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fernaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸer.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛖᚱᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>foregoing, previous</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>recent, last-year</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From an Indo-European temporal stem *per(H)-n-, probably originally adverbial/locatival. Compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_pernai_pernais"><ref target="#cog_lit_pernai_pernais">pérnai/pérnais</ref></mentioned> (‘last year’) &lt; *per(H)-noi and Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_pern_perns"><ref target="#cog_lav_pern_perns">pę̃rn/pę̃rns</ref></mentioned> (‘last year; s’’) <bibl corresp="#derksen2015">Derksen 2015</bibl>. Related to the separate adverbial formation *peruti (‘last year’) reflected by Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_parut"><ref target="#cog_san_parut">परुत्</ref></mentioned> (parút, ‘last year’),  Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_perusi"><ref target="#cog_grc_perusi">πέρῠσῐ</ref></mentioned> (pérŭsĭ, ‘a year ago, last year’), Armenian հերու (heru, ’last year, in the last year’), and Proto-Germanic *ferudi (‘last year, a year ago’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ferną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ferną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>fernaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>fernaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>fernaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ferniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ferniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ferninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ferninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>fernammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>fernōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>fernammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*ferni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>verne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>verne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>firn, fyrn</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>fēr, fīr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fier</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fier</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fier</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>fern</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>verne, vere, ver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>feern</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>firni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>virne, vërne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                      <orth>fëret, Fiire</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>firni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>virne, vërne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>firne, firn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Firn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>forn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>forne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fornur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>forn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>fonn, fodn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>forn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>forn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>forn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>forn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>forn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍃 (fairns)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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