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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fersnō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fersnō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_pterne" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πτέρνη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ptérnē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>heel; hoof; heel of a shoe; footstep</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tpersneh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tpḗrsneh2</orth>
          <def>heel</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_latin_perna" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>Latin perna</orth>
          <def>a haunch or ham together with the leg</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_parsni" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पार्ष्णि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pā́rṣṇi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>the heel</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fersno" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fersnō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fersnō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸer.snɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛖᚱᛊᚾᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>heel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tpersneh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tpersneh2">*tpḗrsneh2</ref></mentioned> (‘heel’), possibly from *t(s)pērH- (‘to kick with the heel’; a possible compound of *pd- (‘foot’) +‎ *sperH- (‘to beat, kick’)) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-sneh</mentioned>₂ (used to form nouns denoting an object) <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008">de Vaan 2008</bibl>. Cognates are Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_pterne"><ref target="#cog_grc_pterne">πτέρνη</ref></mentioned> (ptérnē, ‘heel; hoof; heel of a shoe; footstep’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_parsni"><ref target="#cog_san_parsni">पार्ष्णि</ref></mentioned> (pā́rṣṇi, ‘the heel’), Persian پاشنه (pâšne, ‘heel of the foot’), and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_latin_perna"><ref target="#cog_lat_latin_perna">Latin perna</ref></mentioned> (‘a haunch or ham together with the leg’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fersnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fersnôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fersnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fersnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fersnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fersnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fersnōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fersnōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fersnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fersnōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fersnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fersnôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fersnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fersna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>versene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>verzen, vaars</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fersnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fiersn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fersnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fersana, fersna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vërsene, vërsen, vërse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Ferschn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ferse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Feescht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fersnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fersna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vērsene, vērse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌽𐌰 (fairzna)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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