<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fifaldǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fifaldǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_pelh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pelh1-</orth>
          <def>to get going, set in motion</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_papilio" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>pāpiliō</orth>
          <def>butterfly, moth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_perpel" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*perpelъ</orth>
          <def>quail</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fifaldo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fifaldǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fifaldǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸi.ɸɑl.dɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᚠᚨᛚᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>butterfly</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from pre-Germanic *pí-polh1-t(r)-eh₂, an expressive/iterative reduplication of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pelh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_pelh1">root *pelh1-</ref></mentioned> (‘to get going, set in motion’) <bibl corresp="#rix2001">Rix et al. 2001</bibl>, possibly of onomatopoeic origin. The dental extension could be the remnant of an original <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-to-</mentioned>extension or, especially in West Proto-Germanic, a possible instrument suffix, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-tro</mentioned>. The term underwent various expressive and folk-etymological changes in the Proto-Germanic daughter languages, as well as in the IE cognates, so a precise etymology is difficult. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_papilio"><ref target="#cog_lat_papilio">pāpiliō</ref></mentioned> (‘butterfly, moth’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_perpel"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_perpel">*perpelъ</ref></mentioned> (‘quail’), and Old Mazanderani پاپلی (pāpıli, ‘butterfly’)</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fifaldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fifaldōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fifaldōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fifaldōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fifaldōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fifaldōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fifaldōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fifaldōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fifaldōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fifaldōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fifaldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fifaldōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fifaldrā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fifaltra, *fīfaltra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vivaltere, vivalter, viveltere, vyvalter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vijfwouter, wiewouter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fifaldā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fifalde, fifealde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fīfoldara, fivildra, vivildra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>* fifaldrā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fifaltra, pifoltra, fīfaltra, zwifaltra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vīvalter, vīveltre, *zwīvalter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Zwiefalter, Falter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿלאַטערל (flaterl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fiðrildi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fiðrildi, firvaldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fiðrildi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>fivreld</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fivreld, fivrelde, fivel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fjäril</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
