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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fijandz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fijandz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ph1_y_eh1_ont_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ph₁-y-éh₁-ont-s</orth>
          <def>hating, reviling one</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fijandz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fijandz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fijandz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸi.jɑndz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᛃᚨᚾᛞᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">consonant stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>enemy, fiend</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *pih₁-y-ont-s, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ph1_y_eh1_ont_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ph1_y_eh1_ont_s">*ph₁-y-éh₁-ont-s</ref></mentioned> (‘hating, reviling one’), the present participle of stative *ph₁-y-éh₁-, from the zero-grade *ph₁- of root *peh₁- (‘to hate, revile, hurt’). Related to *fijāną ‘to hate’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fijandiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fijandų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fijandunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fijandiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fijandǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fijandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fijandumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fijandē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fijandumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fijand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fijandiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fīunt, fīant, fīent</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>viant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vieënd, vieëndj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fīunt, fīant, fīent</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>viant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vijand</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vyand</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>vyand, vieand</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fīunt, fīant, fīent</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>viant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vijand</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fēond</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>feend</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fiend</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fient</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fīand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Fäind</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fijân</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fīant, fīand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vīant, vīent, vīnt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Feind</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿײַנד (faynd)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fīand, fīond, fīoud</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vîent, vîant, vîen, vigent, vigen, vînt, vîend, fīent</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Feend, Fiend</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Fient</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjándi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fjandi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fjandi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>fiende</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fiende</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjándi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fiændæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fjende</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjándi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fiænde, fiande, fionde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fiende</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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