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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fijāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fijāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_piyati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पीयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pī́yati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to blame, revile, deride</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fijāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fijāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸi.jɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hate</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to dislike</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *ph₁ih₁-yé/ó-, a ye-present from stative *ph₁-y-éh₁-, from the zero-grade of root *peh₁- (‘to hate, revile, hurt’). Continued in Proto-Germanic as a Class 3 weak verb. Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_piyati"><ref target="#cog_san_piyati">पीयति</ref></mentioned> (pī́yati, ‘to blame, revile, deride’). Related to *fijandz (‘enemy, fiend’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fijaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fijāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fijaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fijāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fijāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fijāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fijāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fijāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fijānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fijānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fijānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fijānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fijānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fijadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fijadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fijadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fijadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fijadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fijadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>fijadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>fijadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>fijadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>fijadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fijadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fijadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fijadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fijadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fijadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fijadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>fijāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>fijadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>fijāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fijēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fēoġan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fīēn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fjá, fía</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fíggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fjá, fía</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fijan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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