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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *finkiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_finkiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1950" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/LUFVITGV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>Richard J.</forename>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Gareth A.</forename>
              <surname>Bevan</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Patrick J.</forename>
              <surname>Donovan</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Andrew</forename>
              <surname>Hawke</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh &amp; Celtic Studies</publisher>
              <date>1950</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="van_veen1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/F4QGUETI">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Pieter A. F.</forename>
              <surname>van Veen</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Nicoline</forename>
              <surname>van der Sijs</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Van Dale Lexicografie</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_pinc" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>pinc</orth>
          <def>finch, chaffinch; but with unexplained retention of initial p-</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_spingos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σπίγγος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>spíngos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>chaffinch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_ping_i_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ping-i-s</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_finkiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/finkiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>finkiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸiŋ.kiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᚾᚲᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>finch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ping_i_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ping_i_s">*(s)ping-i-s</ref></mentioned> from *(s)ping- (‘small bird, chaffinch’), likely of onomatopoeic origin. The s-mobile appears to be active in Proto-Germanic in Swedish spink (‘sparrow, small slender bird’), Norwegian spikke (a kind of bird), and English dialectal spink (‘chaffinch’) <bibl corresp="#van_veen1997">van Veen &amp; van der Sijs 1997</bibl>. Possible cognates include Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_spingos"><ref target="#cog_grc_spingos">σπίγγος</ref></mentioned> (spíngos, ‘chaffinch’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_pinc"><ref target="#cog_cym_pinc">pinc</ref></mentioned> (‘finch, chaffinch; but with unexplained retention of initial p-’) <bibl corresp="#ref1950">Thomas et al. 1950</bibl>, and Russian пе́нка (pénka, ‘leaf-warbler’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>finkiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>finkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>finkį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>finkinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>finkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>finkijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>finkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>finkimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>finkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>finkimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>finki</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>finkīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*finki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*fink</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vink</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vink</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*finki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>finc, finċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fink, fynche, fynch, finch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>finch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>phink, finch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*finki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*fink</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Fink</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fink</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*finki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>finc, fink</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*finki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*fink</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vink</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>finke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Fink</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>finke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>fink</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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