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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *firi-</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_firi</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_pairi" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pairi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>around, with</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_feri" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ɸeri-</orth>
          <def>around, peri-</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_peri" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>περί</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>perí</orth>
          </form>
          <def>about; concerning; because of; around; for; about</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_per_i" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pér-i</orth>
          <def>around</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_pari" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>परि</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pári</orth>
          </form>
          <def>around, round; about; against, towards</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_firi" type="prefix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/firi-">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>firi-</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸi.ri</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᚱᛁ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>prefix</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>around</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2" type="function">
            <def>through, across</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3" type="function">
            <def>expresses intensive or perfective meaning</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_per_i"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_per_i">*pér-i</ref></mentioned> (‘around’), locative of *pér- (‘through’) <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014">Dunkel 2014</bibl>. Cognates include Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_pari"><ref target="#cog_san_pari">परि</ref></mentioned> (pári, ‘around, round; about; against, towards’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_pairi"><ref target="#cog_ave_pairi">𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌</ref></mentioned> (pairi, ‘around, with’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_peri"><ref target="#cog_grc_peri">περί</ref></mentioned> (perí, ‘about; concerning; because of; around; for; about’), Latin per, (‘through, by means of; throughout, during’), Old Church Slavonic prě-, Old Prussian per-, (‘through’), Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_feri"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_feri">*ɸeri-</ref></mentioned> (‘around, peri-’), and Albanian për (‘for, through’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>fyr-</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>firi-</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂- (fair-)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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