<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *firstiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_firstiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_pirstan" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*pírštan</orth>
          <def>finger</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_parastas" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>παραστᾰ́ς</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>parastắs</orth>
          </form>
          <def>anything standing beside; door post; enclosed space; vestibule</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_per_sth2_i_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pér-sth₂-i-s</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_prstha" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>पृष्ठ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pṛṣṭhá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>back</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_firstiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/firstiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>firstiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸir.stiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᚱᛊᛏᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ridgepole</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_per_sth2_i_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_per_sth2_i_s">*pér-sth₂-i-s</ref></mentioned> ~ <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*pr̥-sth₂-éy-s</mentioned> from *per- (‘before, in front’) +‎ *steh₂- (‘to stand (up)’), formulated as an i-stem. Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_prstha"><ref target="#cog_san_prstha">पृष्ठ</ref></mentioned> (pṛṣṭhá, ‘back’) (Mayrhofer 1996), Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_pirstan"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_pirstan">*pírštan</ref></mentioned> (‘finger’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_parastas"><ref target="#cog_grc_parastas">παραστᾰ́ς</ref></mentioned> (parastắs, ‘anything standing beside; door post; enclosed space; vestibule’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>firstiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>firstīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>firstį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>firstinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>firstīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>firstijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>firstī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>firstimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>firstī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>firstimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>firsti</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>firstīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*firsti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*first</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>verste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>verste</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*firsti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>first, fierst, fyrst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>first, virst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>first</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*firsti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>first</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>virst, vierst, vërst, virste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>First</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Fiischt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*firsti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>first</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>verst</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>verst</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
