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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fiskaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fiskaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fiskaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fiskaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fiskaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸis.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛁᛊᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>fish</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>From Proto-Indo-European *pisk-ó-s, though the origin of the root is uncertain, possibly from a substrate, as it is West Indo-European only. Other theories of its origin include: **peyḱsḱ- (‘something painted, spotted), from *piḱ-sḱé-ti, from *peyḱ- (‘to paint, mark, color’); **peytsḱ- (‘ nourishing, food’), from *pit-sḱé-ti, from *péyh₂tu (‘something fattening, nourishing’); *peysḱ- (‘something winged, finned’); and *peysḱ- (‘something soft-tissued’). Cognates are Irish iasc, Latin piscis, both meaning ‘fish’ (de Vaan 2008; Kroonen 2013; Mallory &amp; Adams 1997; Pokorny 1959; Seebold 1970; Torp, et al. 1909).</def>
          </sense>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>fiskaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>fiskōz, fiskōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>fiską</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>fiskanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>fiskas, fiskis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>fiskǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>fiskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>fiskamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>fiskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>fiskamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>fisk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>fiskōz, fiskōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fisc, visc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>visch, visc, vis, vesch, fisch, fisc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>visj, vèsj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>vissch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fisc, visc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>visch, visc, vis, vesch, fisch, fisc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vis, visch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vis</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fisċ, fix, ᚠᛁᛋᚳ (fisc)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fisch, fysshe, fysch, fish, fische, fis, fyshe, fissh, vish</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fish</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fish, fysch, fisch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fisk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Fisk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fisk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fisk, fisc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>visch, fisch, visc, vesc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Fiisch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Fisch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿיש (fish)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fisk, fisc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>visch, fisch, visc, vesc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Fesch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kölsch</lang>
                          <orth>Fesch</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Fësch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fisk, fisc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>visch, fisch, visc, vesc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Palatine German</lang>
                        <orth>Fusch, Fisch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Fisch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fisk, fisc, visk, visc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>visch, vis</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Fesch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fisk, fisc, visk, visc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>visch, vis</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Fisch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>visch</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Fisk, Fiss, Fisch, Fösch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fiskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fiskur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fiskur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>fisk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fisk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fiskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>fisk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>fisk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fiskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fisker, ᚠᛁᛋᚴᚽᚱ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>fisk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>fisct/fisch</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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