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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flahaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flahaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd2007" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/CPU36KWE">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Old High German III</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Rosemarie</forename>
              <surname>Lühr</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <date>2007</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="van_beek2022" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/M8DPT6BL">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek: Linguistic Prehistory of the Greek Dialects and Homeric Kunstsprache</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Lucien</forename>
              <surname>van Beek</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2022</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_plax" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πλάξ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pláx</orth>
          </form>
          <def>anything flat and broad</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flahana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flahaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flahaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlɑ.xɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᚨᚺᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to skin, flay</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Van <bibl corresp="#van_beek2022">Beek 2022</bibl> derives a root *plek- (‘to strip, flay, tear’), related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_plax"><ref target="#cog_grc_plax">πλάξ</ref></mentioned> (pláx, ‘anything flat and broad’). Lloyd &amp; <bibl corresp="#lloyd2007">Lühr 2007</bibl> suggest a connection with Lithuanian plė̃šiu / plė́šti (‘tear off, peel off’, from Proto-Baltic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*plē̆ḱ-ye/o-</mentioned>), assuming a haplologically shortened reduplicated intensive: <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*plē-pleḱ-yé/ó-</mentioned>. For Proto-Germanic, they suggest a similarly reduplicated verb, pre-Germanic *plók-e/o-, understood as a thematicized form with loss of the reduplication syllable. <bibl corresp="#beekes2010">Beekes 2010</bibl> posits the possibility of a substrate root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flahō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flahaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flahai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flahizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flahaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flah</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flahazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flahaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flahidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flahai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flahadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flahadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flahaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>flahōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>flahaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>flahadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>flahaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>flahadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flahamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flahaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flahandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flahaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flahid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flahaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flahid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flahandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flahaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flahandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flahain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flahandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flahandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flahaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flōh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flōgį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flōgīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flōgī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>flōgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>flōgīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>flōgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>flōgīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flōgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flōgīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flōgīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flōgīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>flahandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>flaganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>flahaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*flān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vlâen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>vlaan</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>flēan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>flen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>flay</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>flá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>fláa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>flá</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>flå</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>flá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>flaa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>flå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>flá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>flā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>flå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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