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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flahsą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flahsą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_plax" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πλάξ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pláx</orth>
          </form>
          <def>anything flat and broad</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_plek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pleḱ-</orth>
          <def>to fold, plait, weave</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flahsa" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flahsą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flahsą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlɑx.sɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᚨᚺᛊᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>flax</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Usually derived from pre-Germanic *ploḱ-s-ó-m, a thematicized s-stem noun from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_plek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_plek">root *pleḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to fold, plait, weave’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl>. However, a link with Van Beek’s (2022) root *plek- (‘to strip, flay, tear’), related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_plax"><ref target="#cog_grc_plax">πλάξ</ref></mentioned> (pláx, ‘any-thing flat and broad’), seems like a better semantic fit. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>flahsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>flahsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>flahsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>flahsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>flahsas, flahsis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>flahsǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>flahsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>flahsamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>flahsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>flahsamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>flahsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>flahsō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*flas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vlas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vlas</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vlas</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>fleax, flæx, flex</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>flax, fflex, flaxe, flex, flexe, vlex</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>flax</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>flax</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Floaks</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>flaaks</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>flahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vlahs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Flachs</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Fluess</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Flaas, Flas, Flachs</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*flahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Flauss</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flahs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*flahs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlas</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Flass</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Flass</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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