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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flakaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flakaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flakaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flakaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flakaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlɑ.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᚨᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>flat</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from the root of the iterative *flakkōną (to beat’), though the degemination of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-kk-</mentioned>is unexplained in this instance, since it follows a short vowel. The original meaning may have been ‘beaten flat, flattened’.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>flaką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>flaką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*flak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vlak</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vlaak</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*flak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vlak</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vlak</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vlak</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>flōc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>flok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fluke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fleuk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*flak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>flak</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>flak</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>flah</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vlach</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>flåch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>flach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>flaach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>flak</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿלאַך (flakh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>flak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlak</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>flak</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>flack</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>flakk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>flack</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*lakja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>lai</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>laaja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Livonian</lang>
                    <orth>laiga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*lakëda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>lakea</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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