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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flakuraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flakuraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_pleh2g" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pleh₂g-</orth>
          <def>to beat, strike</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ros" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-rós</orth>
          <def type="function">forms adjectives from Caland system roots</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flakuraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flakuraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flakuraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlɑ.ku.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᚨᚲᚢᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>flickering; fluttering; shaking, wavering</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A deverbal adjective in Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ros"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ros">*-rós</ref></mentioned> (forms adjectives from Caland system roots), *flak-u-raz, built from the stem of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*flakkōþi ~ *flakunanþi</mentioned>, from *flakkōną (‘to beat’), iterative of *flōkaną (‘to beat, strike; lament’), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European extended root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_pleh2g"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_pleh2g">*pleh₂g-</ref></mentioned>, from root *pel- (‘to beat, push, drive’). Grestenberger et al. (in press) argue that Proto-Germanic iterative r-verbs arose through the reanalysis of adjectival <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*(V)r-</mentioned>morphology as an event-modifying verbal suffix and consider the verbal adjective (such as this) as the source of these iterative r-verbs (in this case, *flakurōną (‘to beat repeatedly, flutter’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakurą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakurai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakurôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakurǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakurą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakurōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakuraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakuras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakuraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakuraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakurammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakuraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakurammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakuraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakuraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakuraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakuranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>flakuraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>flakuraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>flakuraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakuraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakuranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakuranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakuriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakuriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakuranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakuranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>flakurammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>flakurōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>flakurammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flakur</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>flacor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>flakeren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>flacker</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>flecker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*flǫkurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>flökur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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