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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flauhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flauhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="aikio2006" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/VG24AXTM">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">On Germanic-Saami contacts and Saami prehistory</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ante</forename>
              <surname>Aikio</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">91</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">9–55</biblScope>
              <date>2006</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_psulla" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ψῠ́λλᾰ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>psŭ́llă</orth>
          </form>
          <def>flea</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*plewk-</orth>
          <def>to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_pulex" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>pūlex</orth>
          <def>flea</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_blusa" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>blusà</orth>
          <def>flea</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_plusi" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>प्लुषि॑</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>plúṣi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>a species of noxious insect</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flauhaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flauhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flauhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlɑu̯.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᚨᚢᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>flea</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *plówk-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk">*plewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to fly, flow, run’), though possibly reformulated from *plóws-o-s from PIE *plus- (‘flea’; compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_pulex"><ref target="#cog_lat_pulex">pūlex</ref></mentioned> (‘flea’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_blusa"><ref target="#cog_lit_blusa">blusà</ref></mentioned> (‘flea’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_plusi"><ref target="#cog_san_plusi">प्लुषि॑</ref></mentioned> (plúṣi, ‘a species of noxious insect’), Old Armenian լու (lu, ‘flea’), and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_psulla"><ref target="#cog_grc_psulla">ψῠ́λλᾰ</ref></mentioned> (psŭ́llă, ‘flea’)). The reformulation may have developed under the influence of *fleuhaną (‘to flee; to escape’). The West Proto-Germanic reflexes in -h and the Proto-Samic reflexes show that the original word was a masculine a-stem, as ō-stems are generally borrowed with the same final vocalism (cf. PGmc *bergō &gt; PSmc *pierkō, PGmc *farō &gt; PSmc *fārō) <bibl corresp="#aikio2006">Aikio 2006</bibl> and that North Proto-Germanic speakers later reanalyzed it as a feminine ō-stem.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>flauhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>flauhōz, flauhōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>flauhą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>flauhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>flauhas, flauhis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>flauhǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>flauhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>flauhamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>flauhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>flauhamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>flauh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>flauhōz, flauhōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flauh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*flō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vlô</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vlo</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vloea, vloej</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flauh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>flēah, flēa, flǣh, fleah, flēo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>fle, flee, flei, fleigh, fley</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>flea</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>flech, flaich, fle, flae</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flauh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*flā, *flē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Flee</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>flie</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flauh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>flōh, flō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vlōch, vlō</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Flo</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Floh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿלוי (floy)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flauh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>flōh, flō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vlōch, vlō</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Fluh, Floh</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Flou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flauh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*flōh, *flō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlô</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Flo, Flö, Flau, Flua</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fló</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fló</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>matflo</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fló</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*marrfló</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>marflo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>marflo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*lāffēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lule Sami</lang>
                    <orth>láffes</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*lāvkkēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>lávkkis</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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