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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *flekkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_flekkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_pleh2g" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pleh₂g-</orth>
          <def>to beat, strike</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_flekkaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flekkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>flekkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸlek.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᛖᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>spot; mark; blemish</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly related to *flōkaną (‘to beat, strike; lament’) and its iterative *flakkōną (‘to beat’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_pleh2g"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_pleh2g">extended root *pleh₂g-</ref></mentioned> (‘to beat, strike’), ultimately from root *pel- (‘to beat, push, drive’) <bibl corresp="#orel2003">Orel 2003</bibl>, but the phonology is problematic: pre-Germanic *pleh₂g-nó-s &gt; *flekkaz via Kluge’s Law but with unexplained vowel shortening. Derivations from PIE root <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*pleh₂-</mentioned>(‘flat’) are semantically and phonologically problematic.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>flekkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>flekkōz, flekkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>flekką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>flekkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>flekkas, flekkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>flekkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>flekkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>flekkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>flekkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>flekkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>flekk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>flekkōz, flekkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flakk, *flekk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>flec, flecka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vlecke, vlacke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vlek</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>vlek</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flakk, *flekk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*flecc, *flæcc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*flekk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fleck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>flek, fleck</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flakk, *flekk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*flekk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Fläk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>flek</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flakk, *flekk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>flek, flec</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vlëc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Fleck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿלעק (flek)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*flakk, *flekk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*flek, *flak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>flek, vlek, vlak, vlack</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Fleck</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Flekj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>flekkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>flekkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>flekkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>flekk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>fläck</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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