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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *fleuganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_fleuganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*plewk-</orth>
          <def>to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_pluma" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>plūma</orth>
          <def>feather, plume</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_plunksna" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>plùnksna</orth>
          <def>feather; quill, pen</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_fleugana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fleuganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>fleuganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɸleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚠᛚᛖᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fly</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *pléwk-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_extended_root_plewk">*plewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> explains the -g- (rather than expected -h-) as resulting from interference with the iterative <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*flukkōną ~ *flugōną</mentioned> (‘to fly, flutter’). This change possibly occurred to help differentiate it from *fleuhaną (‘to flee; to escape’), which would have been homophonous with the original pronunciation. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_pluma"><ref target="#cog_lat_pluma">plūma</ref></mentioned> (‘feather, plume’) and Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_plunksna"><ref target="#cog_lit_plunksna">plùnksna</ref></mentioned> (‘feather; quill, pen’). Related to *fleugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *flugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *flugilaz (‘wing’), *fuglaz (‘bird’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fleugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fleugaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>fleugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fliugizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fleugaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fleug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fleugazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>fleugaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fliugidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fleugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fleugadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fleugadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>fleugaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fleugōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>fleugaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fleugadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fleugaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>fleugadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fleugamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fleugaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fleugandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>fleugaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fliugid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fleugaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fliugid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fleugandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>fleugaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fleugandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fleugain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fleugandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fleugandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>fleugaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flaug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>flugį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>flugīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flaug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>flugī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>flugū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>flugīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>flugudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>flugīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flugum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>flugīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flugud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>flugīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flugun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>flugīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>fleugandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>fluganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>fleuganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fleugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>fliegan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vliegen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>vliegen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>vlege</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fleugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>flēogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>flien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>fly</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>fle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fleugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>fliāga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fljoge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fleane</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fleugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>fliogan, fliocan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>vliegen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>fleeje</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>fliegen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>fléien</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פֿליִען (flien)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fleugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fliogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlêgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>fläje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*fleugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>fliogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>vlêgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>fliegen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>flegen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>fliuoga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>flúgva, fljúgva, fljúga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>flauge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>fljúga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>fljuga, flyga, fly</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>flyge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>flȳghæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>flyve</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>flyve, fly</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>fljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>flȳgha, fliūgha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>flyga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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